Key Takeaways:
– The U.S. should rigorously evaluate the strategic value of hypersonic weapons before investing heavily in them.
– Hypersonic weapons face multiple technical challenges, including high-drag heating, communication disruption, and navigational issues.
– Maneuverable reentry vehicles (MaRVs) could present a more cost-effective alternative to hypersonic weapons.
– Hypersonic weapons’ supposed speed advantage over ballistic missiles may be overstated.
– The U.S. should not be pressured to match Russia and China’s hypersonic development purely for the sake of rivalry.
Introducing Hypersonic Weapons
The United States has been involved in the research and development of hypersonic weapons for many years. Though initial funding was modest, there has been a surge in interest and financial commitment from the Department of Defense in recent years. Calls for increased funding are growing, amid concerns over the capabilities of potential adversaries.
Hypersonic weapons, known as hypersonics, are divided into two categories: hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) and hypersonic cruise missiles (HCMs). HGVs are launched into space using rocket boosters and glide unpowered to their targets, with long-range versions capable of reaching speeds exceeding Mach 15. Theater-range hypersonic weapons operate at lower speeds suitable for short-range regional missions. Alternatively, HCMs use scorching scramjet engines to propel part of their flight within the Mach 5-10 range.
Understanding the Hypersonics Debate
Backers of hypersonic development cite the need for the U.S. to compete with other global powers, specifically Russia and China, both of whom are actively developing their own hypersonic systems. However, skeptics question the genuine urgency of such development, suggesting it might be more reactionary than strategic.
The DoD sees hypersonic weapons as a potential asset for countering the growing anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) capabilities of adversaries. However, some experts suggest existing maneuverable reentry vehicles (MaRVs) could be a more cost-efficient and dependable solution.
Debunking the Hypersonics Hype
While hypersonics are faster than current cruise missiles, they aren’t faster than ballistic missiles. Due to high atmospheric drag and heating, ballistic missiles, particularly those launched on depressed trajectories, have shorter delivery times. This counters arguments that hypersonic weapons offer an undoubtable speed advantage.
Moreover, hypersonic weapons face significant technical challenges. At hypersonic speed, the heated air surrounding the weapon ionizes, forming a plasma sheath that interrupts radio signals and impedes communication with the weapon. This forces these weapons to rely on preprogrammed instructions, making them less able to react to changing situations or defensive countermeasures.
The alleged stealth abilities of hypersonic weapons are also debated. They can indeed lower their detection range by flying at low altitudes, but they are not completely invisible. The bright heat they generate can be picked up by early-warning satellites, and their rocket boosters create easily detected plumes.
Challenges in Hypersonic Development
Creating hypersonic cruise missiles comes with its own set of hurdles. Scramjet technology is still largely unproven, and there are questions over their ability to maintain stable combustion. In addition, the shortage of suitable wind tunnel testing facilities delays development, increases costs, and hampers the refinement of HCM technology.
Hypersonic weapons also confront design issues related to their onboard electronics. These must endure extreme temperatures, mechanical vibrations, and shock waves, but existing materials struggle to cope. There are further complications in sourcing components, especially given the U.S. export restrictions on such technology.
Addressing the Cost of Hypersonics
Putting aside the technical questions, the cost of developing hypersonic weapons may outweigh their utility. They could cost the U.S. one-third more than ballistic missiles with equal range and maneuverability, without considering the notorious cost overruns associated with cutting-edge military systems.
Final Takeaway
While hypersonic weapons are gaining attention, it’s essential to determine their actual strategic benefits before committing massive funds to their development. Indeed, a rational assessment of military requirements, technological feasibility, and fiscal responsibility should precede the allure of hypersonic speed and maneuverability.