Key takeaways:

• A proposed railroad merger would create America’s largest rail company, spanning over 50,000 miles.
• Experts warn it could reduce competition, hurt workers, and drive up shipping costs.
• Half of shippers could face only one rail option, leading to higher rates.
• Labor unions and shipping groups strongly oppose the deal over safety and service concerns.
• The Surface Transportation Board’s decision will shape the future of U.S. railroads.

In late July, Union Pacific announced a plan to buy Norfolk Southern for $72 billion. If the Surface Transportation Board approves, this railroad merger would make a single company the largest in American history. It would control more track than any rail empire of the past. Yet experts say the deal could trigger serious problems for workers and consumers.

The risks of the railroad merger

A report by the American Economic Liberties Project warns that a combined Union Pacific and Norfolk Southern will mean less competition. For example, shippers in the Midwest could lose all their rail options. Without rivals, the merged company could raise prices. Moreover, service delays could rise because fewer trains would run on one network.

According to the report, half of today’s rail customers would become “captive.” This means they could only use one rail line to move goods. In the late 1990s, just 27 percent of shippers lacked a choice. Now, that share stands at 50 percent. Therefore, the new railroad merger would leave many businesses with no backup plan.

The history of rail consolidation

Railroads grew rapidly in the 1800s. Big tycoons built vast networks across the country. Yet Congress broke up that power after safety and cost issues grew too big. Then, in the 1980s and 1990s, lawmakers deregulated the industry. They replaced the Interstate Commerce Commission with the less powerful Surface Transportation Board. This shift led to mergers that cut service and jobs.

Even under loose rules, past rail mergers caused harm. Shippers reported slower deliveries and higher fees. Workers lost jobs or faced harsh conditions. After early 2000s rules tightened to require new deals to boost competition, railroads still grew more powerful. Over two decades, the four major rail companies hauled 7 percent fewer loads. Meanwhile, freight rates climbed at twice the inflation rate.

What unions and shippers are saying

Labor unions and shipping groups have joined to block this railroad merger. The Teamsters and Transport Workers Union say past consolidations slashed jobs and drove down wages. They point out that one big rail company holds more sway over workers’ pay. Fewer employers mean less bargaining power for employees.

Similarly, the Freight Rail Customer Alliance and other shipper groups warn that rates will jump if the deal goes through. They stress that slow service would hurt the broader economy. For example, factories waiting on parts could delay production. Farmers might struggle to move grain in time. Therefore, shipping groups argue the merger threatens the entire supply chain.

Safety and community concerns

Safety advocates also raise red flags about the railroad merger. When railroads merge, they often cut crews and staff to save money. This can lead to longer shifts and tired workers. The report notes that fatigued crews pose risks to nearby towns and cities. Fewer inspections and delayed repairs could increase accident odds.

Additionally, larger trains with heavier loads could strain tracks and bridges. Communities near rail lines fear more derailments and toxic spills. In recent years, rail accidents have made national headlines. Critics argue that one massive rail company would find it harder to maintain high safety standards.

The role of the Surface Transportation Board

The Surface Transportation Board must decide whether to accept or reject the railroad merger. Unlike its predecessor, the board has limited power to block deals. In 2001, rules changed to require mergers to enhance competition. Still, no major railroads have tried merging in the 21st century.

Nevertheless, political pressure entered the process. In late August, the administration fired an outspoken STB member who opposed consolidation. His removal broke a tie and favored the merger’s start. Critics say this move hints at political interference. They worry the board might ignore public interest in favor of big business.

How the merger could reshape rail competition

If the STB greenlights the deal, it could spark a second wave of consolidation. CSX and BNSF might see a chance to merge too. A national duopoly would emerge, leaving shippers with only two rail giants. This market power could push freight rates even higher. In turn, consumer goods might cost more at stores.

Moreover, smaller regional railroads could struggle to survive against two massive carriers. Some lines might shut down, cutting off rural areas from rail service. Communities would turn to trucks for deliveries, raising highway congestion and emissions.

What happens next

The STB will hold hearings and gather public comments over the next few months. Shippers, labor unions, and safety groups will share their evidence. Union Pacific and Norfolk Southern will argue that a bigger network could improve service and lower costs. Industry experts say faster connections and fewer transfers might benefit some customers.

However, the decision rests on whether the railroad merger truly boosts competition or harms it. If the board rejects the deal, rail traffic will stay split across four companies. This model has downsides, but it provides more choice. If it approves the merger, the rail landscape will change forever.

Why the railroad merger matters to you

Even if you don’t work in rail, this merger could affect your life. Higher shipping costs often pass down to consumers. Goods like electronics, furniture, and food could become pricier. In some regions, fewer trains might force more trucks onto roads. That means more traffic jams and air pollution.

Finally, rail jobs matter to many families. Consolidation risks jobs in towns that depend on rail yards. Young people entering the workforce might find fewer local opportunities. Consequently, the merger touches worker safety, community well-being, and our national economy.

FAQs

What exactly is this railroad merger about?

The proposal would have Union Pacific buy Norfolk Southern for $72 billion. If approved, the combined company would run over 50,000 miles of track across the U.S.

How could this railroad merger hurt shipping costs?

By reducing competition, the merged company could charge higher rates. Around half of current rail customers would have no alternative carrier.

Why do labor unions oppose the deal?

Unions warn that past mergers led to job cuts, tougher working conditions, and stagnant wages. They fear a larger rail giant would hold too much power over workers.

When will we learn the board’s decision?

The Surface Transportation Board will review comments and evidence in the coming months. A final vote could come early next year.